May 2025

Compensatory Costs in Respect of False or Vexatious Claims or Defences under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 The Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (CPC) aims to ensure fair and just adjudication of disputes. A critical aspect of achieving this is preventing frivolous or vexatious litigation. Recognizing that false claims and defenses can cause significant hardship and […]

Understanding "Costs" Under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908: A Comprehensive Guide In the realm of civil litigation in India, the term "costs" carries significant weight. It encompasses the expenses incurred by parties in pursuing or defending a legal action. The Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (CPC), meticulously addresses the issue of costs, aiming to ensure fairness

Interest Under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (CPC): A Comprehensive Guide Interest plays a significant role in legal proceedings, particularly in cases involving monetary claims. The Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (CPC), governs the awarding of interest in such cases in India. This article provides a detailed explanation of the provisions related to interest under the

Judgment and Decree Under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (CPC): A Comprehensive Guide In the Indian legal system, the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (CPC), serves as the bedrock for procedural aspects of civil litigation. Among its vital provisions are those concerning "Judgment" and "Decree," which represent crucial stages in the adjudication of disputes. This article

Penalty for Default under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908: A Comprehensive Overview The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC) governs the procedural aspects of civil litigation in India. One crucial aspect is addressing situations where parties fail to appear before the court when required. This non-appearance is termed "default," and the CPC prescribes specific consequences

Summons to Witness Under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908: A Comprehensive Guide The Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (CPC) provides a comprehensive framework for the administration of civil justice in India. One crucial aspect of this framework is the mechanism for compelling the attendance of witnesses. This article delves into the provisions of the CPC relating

Power to Order Discovery and the Like under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 The Civil Procedure Code (CPC), 1908, lays down the procedural framework for civil suits in India. A crucial aspect of this framework is the power vested in the courts to order discovery and other related procedures. These powers are designed to ensure

Service of Foreign Summonses under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (CPC) in India Serving a summons is a foundational element of ensuring procedural fairness and adherence to the principles of natural justice in civil litigation. When a lawsuit is initiated in India against a defendant residing outside the country, the process of serving a foreign

Service of Summons Where the Defendant Resides in Another State: A Comprehensive Guide Under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 When initiating legal proceedings in India, ensuring proper service of summons on the defendant is paramount. This is especially crucial when the defendant resides in a different state than the one where the lawsuit is filed.

Summons to Defendants under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908: A Comprehensive Guide The Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (CPC) lays down the procedural framework for civil litigation in India. A fundamental aspect of this framework is ensuring that the defendant is duly notified about the suit filed against them, allowing them the opportunity to defend their